Contaminants can also interfere with the immunoassay's ability to detect the presence of drugs. Similar guidance may apply to patients receiving long-term benzodiazepine or stimulant therapy. Ingestion of poppy seeds is sometimes claimed as a reason for an unexpected positive opioid test result. Ann Clin Lab Sci. One to two ounces of urine—a sufficient sample is required for accurate results; sometimes you may be directed to collect a sample using a "clean-catch" technique: women should spread the labia of the vagina and clean from front to back; men should wipe the tip of the penis. Stimulant and designer drug use: primary care management. 2005 Mar 15. [4, 5, 6]. Ludes B, Bilirubin is not present in the urine of normal, healthy individuals. If crystals form while the urine is being produced in the kidneys, a kidney stone or "calculus" can develop. High values may be due to significant amounts of protein or ketoacids. When a disease process is present in the kidney, cells or other substances can become trapped in the protein as the cast is formed. 14. 2007;37(4):301–314. Adams SM, J Anal Toxicol. Am J Clin Pathol. Specific gravity is normally 1.003 to 1.030 and is influenced by how hydrated a person is. 2012;15(3 suppl):ES119–ES133. Often, substances such as protein or glucose will begin to appear ] As little as 1 mL of blood per liter of urine can produce a visible color change; therefore, gross hematuria does not automatically indicate a large amount of blood. The rows are on the chart will correspond to a particular test strip on each dipstick. Although both substances will give a positive result for opioids, the presence of 6-monoacetylmorphine indicates heroin use. For additional details on what specific results may mean, see the sections below on: To see an example of a urinalysis lab report, see this sample report. Multiple searches were conducted using the terms urine drug tests, urine drug screen, pharmacokinetics, metabolism plus the individual drug names, urine drug screen adulterants, and urine drug screen interpretation. Adapted with permission from Washington State Agency Medical Directors' Group. The urinary dipstick only detects the presence of albumin and no other proteins. Chou R. Tampering and Contamination of Urine Samples, http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/files/2015amdgopioidguideline.pdf, https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19456/1/Tap_32_Clinical_Drug_Testing_in_Primary_Care..pdf, https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/8e72130045dc95aaaad6ea574adac1f8/Urine+Drug+Screening+21+11+2016.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-8e72130045dc95aaaad6ea574adac1f8-l.pEszj, https://www.healthcarebluebook.com/page_ProcedureDetails.aspx?cftid=L1685&g=Drug%20Screen%20Testing&directsearch=true, https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/ClinicalLabFeeSched/index.html, Inborn Errors of Metabolism: From Preconception to Adulthood, Effective Advocacy for Patients and Communities. Manchukonda R, By comparing your test results with reference values, you and your healthcare provider can see if any of your test results fall outside the range of expected values. et al. Urinary nitrates are converted to nitrites by bacteria in the urine. [1] If the patient does not have concomitant symptoms consistent with a UTI, then it istermedasymptomatic bacteriuria. They can give false-positive and false-negative results, so all results are considered presumptive until confirmatory testing is performed. var entry = document.getElementById("review-widget"); , and much more. Objectives Describe which patients may benefit from a urinalysis Define the components of a macroscopic, dipstick, and microscopic urinalysis Interpret the results of a macroscopic, dipstick, and microscopic urinalysis Identify the limitations of a urinalysis Tracqui A, A sufficient sample is required for accurate results. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders; 2006, Pp. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, eds. There are different reference ranges for pregnant women. [Medline]. As professional clinical laboratory scientists, our goal is to assist you in understanding the purpose of laboratory tests and the general meaning of your laboratory results.
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