Commercially available iobenguane is labeled with iodine-123, and product labeling recommends administration of potassium iodide 1 hour prior to administration of the radiopharmaceutical for all age groups,[16] while the European Association of Nuclear Medicine recommends (for iobenguane labeled with either isotope), that potassium iodide administration begin one day prior to radiopharmaceutical administration, and continue until the day following the injection, with the exception of new-borns, who do not require potassium iodide doses following radiopharmaceutical injection. Potassium iodide exposure routes are typically through ingestion of potassium iodide tablets or as exposure to iodide through drinking water and food. It can also cause sialadenitis (an inflammation of the salivary gland), gastrointestinal disturbances, and rashes. [12] Potassium iodate (K I O3) is used to add iodine to some salts so that the iodine is not lost by oxidation. Please reconnect. You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley! Iodine tinctures are a solution of iodine with potassium iodide. Potassium iodide finds its most important applications in organic synthesis mainly in the preparation of aryl iodides in the Sandmeyer reaction, starting from aryl amines. [ citation needed ] By saturating the body with a source of stable iodide prior to exposure, inhaled or ingested 131I tends to be excreted, which prevents radioiodine uptake by the thyroid. It may also be mixed into much larger volumes of juices. - M., 1974. – P. 68REFERECES TO SYNTHESIS STRATEGIES: • Karyakin Yu.V., Angelov I.I. Unlike I2, I3− salts can be highly water-soluble. [citation needed]. [18] Iodine-131 iobenguane used for therapeutic purposes requires a different pre-medication duration, beginning 24–48 hours prior to iobenguane injection and continuing 10–15 days following injection. Kowalsky RJ, Falen, SW. Radiopharmaceuticals in Nuclear Pharmacy and Nuclear Medicine. [3], The uses of KI include as a nutritional supplement in animal feeds and also the human diet. "Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in Adults and Children". The term SSKI is also used, especially by pharmacists, to refer to a U.S.P. The isotope is typically applied as iodide-123, the anionic form. This is essentially interchangeable with SSKI made by saturation, and also contains about 50 mg iodide per drop. KI is a component in some disinfectants and hair treatment chemicals. Since the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent, I− is easily oxidised to I2 by powerful oxidising agents such as chlorine: This reaction is employed in the isolation of iodine from natural sources. [31]. [3] It is given by mouth. [11] Potassium iodide is also used for the iodization of salt. Answer = ClF (Chlorine monofluoride) is Polar What is polar and non-polar? The Swedish manufacturing facility for Thyrosafe, a half-strength potassium iodide tablet for thyroid protection from radiation, was mentioned on the secret US 2008 Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative leaked by Wikileaks in 2010. The use of KI...was credited with permissible iodine content in 97% of the evacuees tested. Solubility of Potassium Iodide in Acetone. [4] [5] As a supplement it is used in those who have low intake of iodine in the diet. Noting that KI's effectiveness was "virtually complete" and finding that iodine in the form of KI was substantially superior to other forms including iodate (KIO3) in terms of safety, effectiveness, lack of side effects, and speed of onset, the FDA invited manufacturers to submit applications to produce and market KI. [24], The World Health Organization does not recommend KI prophylaxis for adults over 40 years, unless the radiation dose from inhaled radioiodine is expected to threaten thyroid function, because the KI side effects increase with age and may exceed the KI protective effects; "...unless doses to the thyroid from inhalation rise to levels threatening thyroid function, that is of the order of about 5 Gy. [ citation needed ] In an accidental event or attack on a nuclear power plant, or in nuclear bomb fallout, volatile fission product radionuclides may be released. By March 20, the US Navy instructed personnel coming within 100 miles of the reactor to take the pills. Naval air crew members flying within 70 nautical miles of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant damaged in the earthquake (8.9/9.0 magnitude) and ensuing tsunami on March 11, 2011. – P. 82-83 • Spravochnik himika. Neither SSKI or KI tablets are used as nutritional supplements, since the nutritional requirement for iodine is only 150 micrograms (0.15 mg) of iodide per day. Elsievier Publishing, US Food and Drug Administration, FDA Talk Paper: Guidance on Protection Against Thyroid Cancer in Case of a Nuclear Accident, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Assessment of the Use of Potassium Iodide (KI) As a Public Protective Action During Severe Reactor Accidents Quoting Thyroid Cancer in Children of Belarus Following the Chernobyl Accident, NUREG-1633, United Nations: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Chernobyl, a Continuing Catastrophe, New York and Geneva, 2000, World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/potassium-iodide-thyroid-blocking-agent-radiation-emergencies, "43-2035 AdreView Panel PI 091908:Layout 1", "Guidelines for Iodine Prophylaxis following Nuclear Accidents", "Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies", https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/ki.htm, "POTASSIUM IODIDE - ORAL (SSKI) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions", "Iodide as a Fluorescence Quencher and Promoter—Mechanisms and Possible Implications", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Iodide prophylaxis in Poland after the chernobyl reactor accident: Benefits and risks", "Vegetables near stricken plant test high for radiation", six questions about a half of million iodine pills, "REQUEST FOR INFORMATION:CRITICAL FOREIGN DEPENDENCIES", "Potassium Iodide Dosage Guidelines & Frequently Asked Questions", "Potassium Iodide: An Antidote for Radiation Exposure", "Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis", "Successful therapy of refractory erythema nodosum associated with Crohn's disease using potassium iodide", World Health Organization's guidelines for iodine prophylaxis following a nuclear accident, Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring, iOSAT, SSKI, ThyroSafe, ThyroShield, others, Saturated solutions of potassium iodide can be an emergency treatment for, Iodide solutions made from a few drops of SSKI added to drinks have also been used as, Potassium iodide has been used for symptomatic treatment of. Potassium iodide CAS 7681-11-0 for analysis EMSURE® ISO,Reag. [36] [37] For example: KI, acting as a source of iodide, may also act as a nucleophilic catalyst for the alkylation of alkyl chlorides, bromides, or mesylates. However, it sublimes easily with gentle heat, resulting in a widespread misconception even taught in some science textbooks that it does not melt. Solubility. Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. It is not marketed outside Europe and the United States. A typical tablet weighs 160 mg, with 130 mg of potassium iodide and 30 mg of excipients, such as binding agents. As formed under acidic conditions, hydriodic acid (HI) is a stronger reducing agent.[33][34][35]. Solubilities of Some Alkali Iodides in Acetone.. He is a senior professor of the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg. [48], Three companies (Anbex, Inc., Fleming Co, and Recipharm of Sweden) have met the strict FDA requirements for manufacturing and testing of KI, and they offer products (IOSAT, ThyroShield, and ThyroSafe,[49] respectively) which are available for purchase. Air will oxidize iodide, as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when aged samples of KI are rinsed with dichloromethane. Ioflupane (123I) is the International Nonproprietary Name of a cocaine analogue which is a neuro-imaging radiopharmaceutical drug, used in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease over other disorders presenting similar symptoms. This is not the same as blocking the thyroid's release of thyroid hormone, for which the adult dose is different (and is actually higher by a factor of 7 or 8[ citation needed ]), and for which KI anti-radiation pills (not a common medical treatment form of KI) are not usually available in pharmacies, or normally used in hospitals, or by physicians. Taken by mouth it is used to treat thyrotoxicosis until surgery can be carried out, protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine, and to treat iodine deficiency. Question = Is C4H10 polar or nonpolar ? More severe side effects that require notification of a physician are: fever, weakness, unusual tiredness, swelling in the neck or throat, mouth sores, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, irregular heartbeat, numbness or tingling of the hands or feet, or a metallic taste in the mouth. Chistye himicheskie veschestva. It would go into a non-polar solvent like C C l 4 a lot better. In contrast, KI administration after exposure to radioiodine induces a smaller and rapidly decreasing blockade effect." [53] Because KI is about 76.4% iodide by weight, SSKI contains about 764 mg iodide per mL. Potassium iodide and silver nitrate are used to make silver(I) iodide, which is used for high speed photographic film and for cloud-seeding: KI serves as a source of iodide in organic synthesis. [citation needed], There is reason for caution with prescribing the ingestion of high doses of potassium iodide and iodate, as their unnecessary use can cause conditions such as the Jod-Basedow phenomena, trigger and/or worsen hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and then cause temporary or even permanent thyroid conditions.
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