Products of electrolysis When ions reach an electrode, they gain or lose electrons. As a result, they form atoms or molecules of elements: positive ions gain electrons from the negatively charged cathode An electrochemical cell is formed by placing two conducting materials (conductors or semiconductors), referred to as electrodes, into an ionically conducting electrolyte and electronically connecting them. Electrolysis yields super-oxidized water with pH of 5.0 - 6.5 and an oxidation-reduction potential of > 950 mV and containing about 30 - 50 ppm of HOCl [5] . Large rubber bung to fit electrolysis cell, with holes to carry the graphite electrodes 5. During the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid using carbon electrodes, hydrogen gas is given off at the cathode and oxygen gas is produced at the anode. copper. Electrolysis and the electrochemical series The electrochemical series of half-cell reaction potentials, can be used to predict which ions are likely to be preferentially discharged to form electrolysis products on the cathode(+ pole in electrolysis) or anode (+ pole in electrolysis). Since aluminum is the softest metal in the cooling system, it is more prone to damage. The large demand for aluminum products is reflected in that aluminum production consumes more electrical power than any other electrolytic process. Molten sodium chloride can be decomposed to sodium … Platinum or … electrolysis uses a basic electrolyte solution in both the anode and cathode. Kaveh Rajab Khalilpour, in Polygeneration with Polystorage for Chemical and Energy Hubs, 2019. Prior to electrolysis, a known amount of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) was added to the cathode compartment, and an excess amount of KHCO 3 > was added to the anode compartment electrolyte. Predict the , , ).The conversion of electricity via water electrolysis and optionally subsequent synthesis together with CO or CO 2 into a gaseous or liquid energy carrier enables a coupling of the electricity, chemical, mobility and heating sectors. In the Tarragona chemical park Messer Ibérica operates a pipeline network for oxygen where this electrolysis co-product will be used. Download PDF for free. 3 Electrolysisis the process in which electrical energy is used to cause a nonspontaneouschemical reaction to occur. Download Free PDF. urea electrolysis at 1.4 V for 30 minutes in 5 M KOH–0.33 M urea shows that the amount of atomic carbon and oxygen on the electrode surface increases during electrolysis. Thermal contributions in electrolysis and fuel cell modes of operation. The first option is to subject the water to total desalinization to remove all impurities and produce essentially distilled water. Introduction . Electrolysis is the chemical separation of an ionic compound using a direct electrical current. It is recommended that Units 1,2,4,5 and 6 are taught before this unit. We will describe a heat measurement technique used during the plasma electrolysis to capture all energy. A. Electrolysis of CuSO 4 Using Inert Electrodes (e.g. For example, acidified or salt-containing water can be decomposed by passing electric current to their original elements hydrogen and oxygen. *(c) Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid can produce hydrogen and chlorine. Today aluminum is an inexpensive and widely available material valued for its corrosion resistant properties. Incidentally, an electrolytic cell is the exact opposite of a chemical battery (see the Juice Battery Lab). Based on the electronegativity values shown in Figure 7.5, determine which species will be reduced and which … Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) If a molten mixture of MgCl 2 and KBr is electrolyzed, what products will form at the cathode and the anode, respectively?. Predicting the Products of Electrolysis –The cations (+) are attracted to the cathode (-) and the anions (-) are attracted to the anode (+) • Electrolysis of molten salts – used for industrial isolation of the most active elements (Na, Li, Mg, Al, …; F2, Cl2, Br2, …) –The cation is reduced at the cathode –The anion is oxidized at the anode However, after plasma electrolysis for a long time, a large amount of heat was generated. On the other hand, if the electrode is reactive, it participates in the electrode reaction. The microbial electrolysis cell is configured in a cylindrical shape having an anode, cathode and anion exchange membrane all disposed concentrically. Class 12: Chemistry: Electrochemistry-II: Products of Electrolysis For example, the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. How to intensify a fine cleaning process for diamond concentrates by using the products of aqueous environment electrolysis Download PDF. To predict an electrolysis reaction, step 1 is to write out the redox half-reactions. ÿExplain what happen in refining copper. By adding electricity to water and providing a path for the different particles to follow, the water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen. introduction to electrolysis explaining which liquids conduct and why can some liquids conduct electricity and others cannot? The presence of water in an aqueous salt solution affects the products of electrolysis. References: sorts of useful products – like hydrogen gas for fuel cells, or purified metals from minerals. Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 2 to 1 respectively.. 2 H 2 O(l) → 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g); E 0 = +1.229 V. The energy efficiency of water electrolysis varies widely. electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. In this approach, the electrolysis cell was directly powered by 9 V batteries. Hydrogen may also be produced via electrolysis of water. As a result, the surface atomic composition of Ni decreases electrolysis plants. Predict the Products of Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions Main factor: Position of ions in the electrochemical series Cation: The higher the position in the electrochemical series are very stable (remain as cation). A REVIEW ON WATER ELECTROLYSIS Emmanuel Zoulias1, Elli Varkaraki1, Nicolaos Lymberopoulos1, Christodoulos N. Christodoulou2 and George N. Karagiorgis2 1 Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), Pikermi, Greece 2 Frederick Research Center (FRC), Nicosia, Cyprus Abstract. The electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. The world would be quite a different place without it. For example, in the electrolysis of . brine . Electrolysis is an electrochemical process in which electrical energy is the driving force of chemical Introduction Electrolysis is the process in which an electric current produces a chemical reaction. Active Electrodes are electrodes which react with products of electrolysis, affecting the course of electrolysis. Factors affecting Electrolysis - definition Factors Affecting Products of Electrolysis are as follows: 1. 4. Factors affecting electrolysis Prepared by Janadi Gonzalez-Lord 2. 2. 1. Q1: What products are formed from the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution? Context This unit builds on students’ understanding of atomic structure, ionic bonding, ionic equations, energy changes, redox reactions and metal extraction. This is important tool when replicating excess heat and other products during plasma electrolysis. Principles of Electrolysis: When an electrolyte is dissolved into a solution forming an electrolytic solution and the electrodes from an external energy or current source are immersed into the electrolytic solution. Then the Cations of the electrolyte gets attracted to the cathode and anions to the anode. - electrolytes, electrodes, what happens on electrode surfaces, the products of electrolysis. The apparatus for the electrolysis is hydrochloric acid two carbon rods a suitable container for the electrolysis reaction a suitable source of electricity test tubes Describe how the apparatus can be used to electrolyse hydrochloric acid and how the gases produced Example: K + and Na + are never discharged in an aqueous solution in electrolysis. Question 18: Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following: (i) An aqueous solution of AgNO 3 with silver electrodes. At the negative (-) cathode electrode (reduction half reaction) Products of electrolysis depend on the material being electrolyzed. O) into its component parts of oxygen and hydrogen with no harmful or polluting side-products. Electrolysis of brine is carried out in a diaphragm cell (or sometimes in a membrane cell). Predicting the products of electrolysis A worksheet requiring students to determine the products of electrolysis when a range of ionic solutions are electrolysed. In the cell, two sets of reactions take place at the separate electrodes, o… Full compatibility of electrolysis cells and brine cycle easily allows the new NaCl-ODC and the conventional membrane technologies to be … Two other useful chemicals are obtained during the process, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen (H 2). Higher and foundation versions to practice predicting the products of electrolysis and writing the associated half equations for higher tier version. electrons from the external circuit. to produce hydrogen and chlorine, the products are gaseous. Electrolysis In 1800, the two English scientists William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle discovered direct current electrolysis, thereby establishing electrochemistry as a new scientific field. Coaxial disk armatures, counter-rotating through an axial magnetic field, act as electrolysis electrodes and high shear centrifugal impellers for an axial feed. ii) Nature and electrode potential of ions present in the electrolyte. Expert's Answer. So the electrode equations are the same as above. These products are also very In one half-cell oxidation is taking place and in the other reduction. carbon) What happens: Ions Present: Cu 2+, H +, OH-and SO 4 2-Reaction at Anode. In order to predict the products of electrolysis, we first need to understand what electrolysis is and how it works. Electrolysis of an aqueous solution of table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride) produces aqueous sodium hydroxide and chlorine, although usually only in minute amounts. Aim: To investigate the effect of the types of electrodes on the products of electrolysis. Hydrate, hydrate, hydrate! ÿDescribe electroplating (e.g. The hydrogen ion competes with the You may take such OTC pain management such as Tylenol, Advil, or aspirin, 30 minutes before your treatment. The minimum potential required for any electrode process to occur is called its discharge potential or decomposition potential. Electrolysis of Water (A teacher demonstration experiment) Lab # 1 Background Electrolysis of water is the process by which water is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen gas, when electric current is passed through it. • Electrolysis Apparatus - can use a hofman tube or two graduated gas tubes and electrodes in a beaker • Three wires with alligator clips • 9-12 V DC power source (< 0.5 amperage) NASAExplorerSchools Electrolysis of Water: Breath of Fresh Air Eg. Thanks to our global presence we are always close to our customers and capable of providing fast and comprehensive technology services. The mechanism could be shown Electrolysis of Copper(II) Sulphate Solution Experiment 2. Introduction. 5.2 Principle of electrolysis • As discussed in the definition of electrolyte, whenever any electrolyte gets dissolved in water, its molecules split into cations and anions moving freely in the electrolytic solution. The products of electrolysis reactions depend on the oxidising and reducing species present in the electrolytic cell, and their standard electrode potentials. In implementation of the hydrogen economy, the electrolysis of sea water as the source of hydrogen has been discussed. The influence of products and by-products obtained by drinking water electrolysis on microorganisms. I. Download PDF. Hydrogen gas will be seen to bubble up at … Schematic of a water electrolysis process operating at temperature T. 5 Figure 5. Some The electrolysis of brine is a large-scale process used to manufacture chlorine from salt. The process of electrolysis involves using an electric current to bring about a chemical change and make new chemicals. Small test tubes to fit over the electrodes, x2 6. Given: identity of salts Asked for: electrolysis products Strategy: List all the possible reduction and oxidation products. A gravimetric method for the quantitative assessment of the products of electrolysis of water is presented. Abstract: Electrolysis is one of the acknowledged means of generating chemical products from their native state. The name comes from the two main products of the process, chlorine and the alkali, sodium hydroxide (NaOH). First of all, aluminum oxide needs to be in molten form to extract the aluminum ions. Electrolysis of water During electrolysis, the hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions are separated. However, the increasing use of natural gas Download Free PDF. The feed can be carbon dioxide, water, methane, or other substances requiring electrolysis. Electrolysis is defined as a process of decomposing ionic compounds into their elements by passing a direct electric current through the compound in a fluid form. Graphite electrodes, about 5 mm diameter, x2 (see note 2) 4. The first type of electrolysis … Then using indicators you will determine the products formed at the anode and the cathode during several different electrolysis experiments. Products of electrolysis. 3. Some electrochemical processes are kinetically very slow. Some electrodes are inert (do not take part in electrolytic reaction) while other electrodes are reactive (which may influence the ionic discharge). pdf, 102.5 KB pdf, 105.36 KB pdf, 99.15 KB pdf, 104.73 KB For teaching Electrolysis in GCSE Chemistry (9-1) and Combined Science (9-1). 5. The discharge of ions during electrolysis can be influenced by the types of electrodes used. Oxygen gas is produced at the anode, and hydroxide ions pass through the membrane into the cathode, where the ions combine to form hydrogen gas and water. As a result, ODC technology is ecologically valuable and supports clients’ sustainability. 3.31 Investigate the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution with inert electrodes … A Sodium is produced at the cathode and chlorine at the anode. Headquartered in Dortmund, Germany, we are represented around the world with additional centers of excellence in Okayama, Tokyo, Shanghai, Milan and Houston. It was invented in 1800 by William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle, using voltaic current. 7 Figure 7. Chapter 18 : Electrolysis p.1/10 Chapter 18 Electrolysis 18.1 Electrolysis is one type of Redox What is Electrolysis? Electrolysis summarized A brief overview of what electrolysis is and how it works 3. This is true for hydrogen production from water. ÿPredict the likely products of the electrolysis of a molten compoundor of an aqueous solution. Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Figure 4. Choi and Kim [5] evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Medilox against several clinical isolates of bacteria (methicillin- Each electrode attracts ions that are of the opposite charge. When ions reach an electrode, they gain or lose electrons. Metal Extraction (Electrometallurgy) Electrometallurgy is the process of electrolysis for extracting … As described earlier, the equation for the chlor-alkali process, that is, the electrolysis of NaCl, is … A microbial electrolysis cell having a brush anode is described. Products of Electrolysis During electrolysis, cations are reduced at cathode and anions are oxidized at anode and a chemical reaction occurs in a non-spontaneous direction. Power-to-Gas (PtG) and Power-to-Liquids (PtL) are often discussed as important elements in a future renewable energy system (e.g. Experiment 2.1 Electrolysis cell Figure 1 shows the experimental set up. Combining either half reaction pair yields the same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen: Overall reaction: 2 H 2 O ( l) → 2 H 2 ( g) + O 2 ( g) The number of hydrogen molecules produced is thus twice the number of oxygen molecules. The key process of electrolysis is the interchange of atoms and ions by the removal or addition of electrons to the external circuit. If the electricity required to carry out this process is … Electrolysis is not a new technology. Anions: The higher the position in the electrochemical series are very stable (remain as anion). The intention of the partners is to achieve the most economic operation possible, by maximising cost efficiency and the utilisation of all co-products in an integrated hub concept. The products of electrolysis may be different for reactive and inert electrodes. report provides a historical perspective of hydrogen, discusses the process of electrolysis for hydrogen production (especially from solar and wind technologies), and describes the opportunities for electric power utilities. 1 ELECTROLYSIS G10 worksheet for Electrloysis . Electrolysis is the process in which a chemical reaction is started with electricity (Andersen). You can electrolyse molten compounds as long as they are ionic compounds, so that on melting there free ions to move to carry the current to facilitate the electrolysis process of splitting the compound into its constituent elements. Developing efficient seawater-electrolysis system for mass production of hydrogen is highly desirable due to the abundance of seawater. 6 Figure 6. moles of I2 produced in the electrolysis by titrating the solution with 0.0200 M Na2S2O3 solution, using starch near the endpoint, as you have done in Lab 11 Repeat the electrolysis procedure of steps 3 through 6 2 more times, using fresh solutions each time. One of the proposed mechanisms developed by Schall and Fichter is known as the peroxide theory.9 This theory provides a mechanism whereby acetyl radicals formed at the anode, react to form diacetyl peroxide, decompose to form alkyl radicals and thence hydrocarbon product. Small ligh… 99 19.8 Sample Problem 21.8: Predicting the Electrolysis Products of a Molten Salt Mixture PROBLEM: A chemical engineer melts a naturally occurring mixture of NaBr and MgCl 2 and decomposes it in an electrolytic cell. VAT registration number GB 232 7441 80 (iv) An aqueous solution of CuCl 2 with platinum electrodes.. Answer:Remember All ions are in aqueous state A method of producing products, such as hydrogen, at the cathode of the microbial electrolysis cell is also provided. Abstract:Electrolysis is one of the acknowledged means of generating chemical products from their native state. This is true for hydrogen production from water. The use of saline water (sea water in particular) as a feedstock for producing hydrogen by electrolysis is examined in this paper. 3.30 Explain the formation of the products in the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution, using copper electrodes, and how this electrolysis can be used to purify copper; Core Practicals. Factors affecting electrolysis 1. Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis is well established technology up to the megawatt range for commercial level in worldwide and the phenomenon first introduced by Troostwijk and Diemann in 1789 , , , .Alkaline water electrolysis process initially at the cathode side two molecules of alkaline solution (KOH/NaOH) were reduced to one molecule of hydrogen (H 2) and two … Solution.pdf Next Previous. Electrolysis Electrolysis is an electrochemical process by which current passes from one electrode to another in an ionized solution that is an electrolyte. Electrolysis involves using electricity to break down electrolytes to form elements. copper plating) ÿDescribe the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis. Don't smoke 2-4 hours prior to treatment. Electrolysis Products of: Molten Lead (II) Bromide; Concentrated aqueous sodium bromide; Dilute sulphuric acid; Electroplating with Copper cooling system. ELECTROLYSIS: IMPORTANT TIPS & AFTER CARE BEFORE YOUR TREATMENT Avoid caffeine 6 - 10 hours before treatment. In this process, positive ions or cations come to the negative electrode or cathode and negative … Therefore, aluminum oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite. Electrolysis apparatus (see note 1, and the diagram below) 3. It is the process by which a redox reaction is forced to take place by the passage of a direct electric current through an electrolyte in the molten or in aqueous solution. Standard-state ideal energy requirements for electrolysis as a function of temperature. British Veterinary Association is registered in England No 206456 at 7 Mansfield Street, London, W1G 9NQ. The membrane is usually a porous inert material that allows the passage of electrolyte, but not the gaseous products. 1) Predict the products of electrolysis by filling in the graph: Cl - , Br - , I - , H + , OH - , Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , Ag+, K + , Na + , 2) Calculate the quantity of electrical charge needed to plate 1.386 mol Cr from an acidic solution of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 according to half-equation It uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. For a long time, electrolysis was the dominant technology for the industrial generation of hydrogen. Electrolysis is very important commercially as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurrin… emission of greenhouse gases is electrolysis • Oxygen produced often not used – other useful anodic products in aqueous based electrolytic processes, for example chlor-alkali • Possibility to considerably reduce the electrical energy need if chosing certain anode reactions • Future development: steam electrolysis, alkaline membrane electrolysis. What is electrolysis? ELECTROLYSIS Objective In this experiment you will construct a small electrolytic cell. Eye protection 2. However, continuous electrolysis with seawater feeding boosts the concentration of sodium chloride in the electrolyzer, leading to severe electrode corrosion and chlorine evolution. Electrolysis means decomposition by electricity. iv. We can measure many parameters simultaneously: sample OH … UNIT 9 Electrolysis Recommended Prior Knowledge This unit should be taught towards the end of the course. Electrolysis ; Principle , Faraday’s Laws and Applications of Electrolysis. The more hydrated you are the better treatment you’ll get! This may be contributed to adsorption of products onto the surface. Microchemical Journal, 2008. The cations are reduced at cathode and anions are oxidized at the anode. Two options exist for performance of this electrolysis. DC power supply, 6 V 7. In cells producing electricity there are two half-cells. This reaction takes place in a unit called an electrolyzer. The electrolysis of sodium hydroxide gives exactly the same products… May 5, 2014 November 25, 2016 pani Electrolysis : Electrolysis is the process of inducing a chemical reaction which does not occur naturally or spontaneously with the help of Direct Current or electricity. NaCl(aq) can be reliably electrolysed to produce hydrogen. 2 OH − ( aq ) →. 2. Brine is a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H 2 O). (ii) An aqueous solution of AgNO 3 with platinum electrodes. Breakdown, diagrams and summary for each of the below. 1/2 O 2 ( g) + H 2 O ( l) + 2 e −. Water molecule is decomposed in to H+ and OH- … An electrochemical cell involves the transfer of charge, by the movement of ions in a liquid or solid phase and the movement of electrons in a solid phase, through which electrochemical transformation of species can be achieved. Aluminum oxide, however, has a high melting point. Electrolysis is a technique used by scientists to separate a compound or molecule into its component parts. Therefore, one of the main uses of the chlor-alkali process is the production of NaOH. Electrolysis is the passing of a direct electric current through an electrolyte producing chemical reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the materials. Cross-section of a planar high temperature electrolysis stack. 3.2 Electrolysis. Electrolysis of aqueous solutions is complicated since water can be oxidized and reduced in addition to (or instead of) the ions present in solution: The reactions are: 2H 2 O(R) + 2e-6H 2 (g) + 2OH-(aq) [reduction at the cathode] 2H 2 O(R) 64H +(aq) + O 2 (g) + 4e-[oxidation at the anode] Also, many metal electrodes can be oxidized to ions during electrolysis Overview notes for the products required to be known for specification. The products of electrolysis depend on the standard electrode potentials of the different oxidizing and reducing agents that are present in the electrolytic cell. Aluminum is extracted from aluminum oxide by a process called electrolysis. The use of saline water (sea water in particular) as a feedstock for producing hydrogen by electrolysis is examined in this paper. Little consideration is given however, to the availability and the qual- ity of the raw material used in the production of hydrogen; that is water. These gaseous products bubble from the electrolyte and are collected. The electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using a mercury cathode This is a good example of a case where the nature of the electrode makes a huge difference. There are two types of electrolysis in the automotive cooling system. In this worksheet, we will practice predicting the products of electrolysis of aqueous salt solutions using the reactivity series. By saving energy, clients indirectly achieve significant CO 2 emission reductions. The diaphragm cell is designed so that all the products are kept separate: If chlorine mixes with hydrogen, it produces a mixture which will explode violently on exposure to sunlight or heat, so the hydrogen and chlorine gases need to be kept apart. voltage applied to sustain electrolysis in most industrial processes is in excess of 3.0 V, due to the accumulation of practical resistances encountered and the lack of uniform current distribution. This is because in aqueous solutions the water molecules break down: H 2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH-(aq). Based on the heat and the products, we hypothesize that … iii) Nature of … Covering the various aspects of this fast-evolving field, this comprehensive book includes the fundamentals and a comparison of current applications, while focusing on the latest, novel achievements and future directions. products of electrolysis give the relation between using inert and reactive electrodes during electrolysis? The products of electrolysis for the same electrolyte is also affected by factors like: i) Nature and state of the electrolyte. Products of electrolysis mostly depend on the redox potentials of the ions present in the electrolyte. 9 Figure 8. Products Of Electrolysis – Products of electrolysis depend on the nature of material being and the type of electrodes being used .If the electrode is inert, it does not participate in the chemical reaction and acts only as source or sink for electrons. Electrolysis is used widely in today's industry and is a part of the production of many products. The required products of electrolysis are in some different physical state from the electrolyte and can be removed by some physical processes. Electrolysis is a chemical reaction between the coolant and the metal surfaces in the cooling system. In other words, the nature of electrolyte governs the process of electrolysis. electrolysis, aluminum metal was extremely rare, as expensive as silver, and just as prized. The products of electrolysis can be predicted for a given electrolyte. Electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. In this process elec-tricity (electro-) is used to break down (-lysis) water (H. 2. The efficiency of an electrolyzer is a measure of the enthalpy contained in the hydrogen (to undergo combustion with oxygen or some other later reaction), compared with the input electrical energy. the electrolysis products of the aqueous salt solution are hydrogen at the negative (–) cathode electrode and oxygen at the positive (+) anode with inert electrodes such as carbon or platinum. This is usually done with liquids and especially with ions dissolved in water. The main components required to achieve electrolysis are an electrolyte, electrodes, and an external power source. products of the chlor-alkali industry include chlorine, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), soda ash (sodium carbonate), sodium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, and potassium carbonate. (iii) A dilute solution of H 2 SO 4 with platinum electrodes. Carbon dioxide and water can be processed into syngas and ozone continuously, enabling carbon and oxygen recycling at power plants. In case there are multiple reactions, the product of electrolysis depends upon the standard electrode potential of several reactions that are taking place. Apr 06 2013 02:56 PM. The reproducibility would be 100% if all factors such as temperature, voltage and duration were optimized. The products of electrolysing lead bromide are lead metal and bromine gas. In this lab, we’re going to start by using electrolysis to split water molecules (H 2O) into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Of these products, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and soda ash account for the largest share of shipments from the chlor-alkali industry. these various electrolysis products. Electrolysis can be used to coat and protect metals, manufacture industrial chemicals and refine and purify metals. The electrochemical transformation of gases into value-added products using renewable energy is an attractive route to upgrade CO 2 and CO into fuels and chemical feedstocks (1–4) based on hydrocarbons.The success of the approach will rely on continued improvements in energy efficiency to minimize operating costs and on increasing current density to minimize capital costs (5, 6).
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